Reconfiguration of Invoices and Payment Methods Essay Example for Free

Reconfiguration of Invoices and Payment Methods EssayThis proposal lays out the benefits and impact of applying technology in order to reconfigure invoicing and payment method acting acceptance at Sunnys Landscaping. The play along suffers from low collection rates and long collection fourth dimensions. Its traditional method of work and invoicing is both(prenominal) ineffective and costly. Additional staff is required just to attempt to collect past due bills which are oftentimes err integritynessous and outdated. Moreover, the political party would further benefit from a customer database that would compile all work orders and reduce or eliminate redundancy. The lack of technology use has put the keep company at a disadvantage in the industry.Problem The stretch outs to be addressed are to lessen collection time of payments while simultaneously reduce operating cost costs, create a customer database that can be overtureed through market, finance, and customer servi ce departments, and greatly improve upon operational processes.Approach Establish if implementing a take collar opinion observance acceptance method at the point-of-sale will effectively reduce payment collection time and give the company a competitive advantage. Further determine if electronic invoicing and database creation will eliminate redundancy and reduce costs.Methodology Meet with appropriate department headsfinance, customer service, operations, marketingto determine how each will benefit by the reconfiguration and how to maximize profits from those benefits. Decide which database program would be most compatible for meeting the needs of the organization. Additionally, take in the costs and time associated with educating and training staff on the products and software being introduced. Allocate the time and expense and determine the best quarter to implement the changes. conjunction expenses, due to lack of payment collection and budget items, severely cut into prof its. Immediate payment by way of a mobile credit card impact adapter at time of service will help increase company profitability and efficiency. Each program will tie into the next. The credit card processor will automatically generate electronic invoices to be emailed to the customer. These invoices will be housed in a database that will collect and store relevant customer instruction. The impact on the company as a whole will be positive as departments will live with the ability to share information and collaborate for optimal efficiency.Milestone 1 Problem The issues to be addressed are to lessen collection time of payments while simultaneously reduce overhead costs, create a customer database that can be accessed through marketing, finance, and customer service departments, and greatly improve upon operational processes. go with Background Sunnys Landscaping was formed in 1976 by one man in Pennsylvania and started operations with only two additional employees. Sunnys provide s edifice of ponds rock walls, irrigation, lawn maintenance, accrueerbed design, and all landscaping needs to its customers. It has grown to employ as many as seventy-five people and has net revenues of almost one million dollars per year. Sunnys (The fellowship) services both residential and commercial properties with commercial generating nearly 75% of its annual revenues. In the early 1990s the Company began providing additional services, such as snow removal and ice buildup prevention that would allow it to stay operational year-round. With these additional services came an increase in unseasoned-fashioned accounts most of which have been residential. The profit increase with respect to the new accounts has been mediocre at best. The Companys inability to collect payment on the new residential accounts has begun to severely decrease profits and it has been proposed to reduce services. In an effort to continue all service and grow, the Company has begun to seek solutions.Ap proach Internal fiscal research has shown that decreased profits are due to a multitude of issues including the high number of delinquent or late accounts, excessive staffing expenses, and a popular lack of sufficient and effective use of technology. Determine if introducing a new method of point-of-sale payment collection will reduce expenses related to residential accounts. Further determine if an electronic invoicing process will enable the Company reduce staffing costs while simultaneously creating a customer database.Methodology call with all the appropriate departmentsfinance, customer service, operations, marketingto determine how a database should be constructed so it is cross functional for each department. The company currently uses Microsoft Access for its customer list. Information pulled from this list is oftentimes outdated and erroneous. It is inappropriate software to use in order to transfer customer information to an invoice. This process increases work hours an d is redundant. As work orders are issued and workers are dispatched, each should be provided with the ability to adjust the invoice electronically onsite for immediate customer payment. The method used now is to issue the order, perform the work, adjust the invoice if necessary, and then mail it out in the traditional fashion. The increase in new residential customers has to a fault caused an increase in non-payment. The use of a mobile credit card processor could help reduce this payment delinquency.Options/Solutions Sunnys Landscaping has very little collaborationism amongst its departments and few tools to work with. Each department is independently operated from the others and has not yet adapted to the influx of residential accounts. Whereas, the larger commercial accounts are well know and recognized, the smaller residential accounts are given very little customer service. The Company must catch a solution that will reconcile both the residential and commercial accounts wit h companys overall needs and each departments ability to operate. One centralized system would allow the Company to function as a whole.The Company has a need for a system that can accomplish three goals 1. Generate invoices 2. Allow for point-of-sale credit card processing 3. Create a database that is cross functional All three systems must work in tandem and allow information to flow from one process to the next. For example, as work is completed a foreman requires the ability to generate an invoice on the spot. Then they must also have the ability to accept payment from the customer. Lastly, the customers information and work performed must be electronically transferred into the database where other departments will be able to access it for a follow-up service. Marketing could use the information for promotional mailers, customer service could use it to obtain feedback, finance would use it for records, and operations could use it to find out the type of service performed. If one system can be constructed that will support all three functions, it will reduce costs company wide, allow for customer information to be used effectively throughout all departments, and increase profits while reducing delinquent accounts.Milestone 2 Sunnys Landscaping will need to research further to determine if and what additional resources will be required to reconfigure its invoicing and payment methods. It must also determine how much training will be required for frontline workers and supporting staff. Sunnys Landscaping should consider the following questions prior to making a decision about which software and hardware to use1. What point-of-sale device will allow for data to be stored in a database and extracted for invoicing? a. Is there one device that is superior over the other in price and performance? b. get out this device need any additional in-house hardware to function? c. Will customers financial and personal information be stored and processed securely how can w e ensure customers that it is? 2. How long, if at all, will funds be held for originally deposit? 3. Will one database be able to support all the functions that each department requires? 4. Can prior customers information be easily entered into the new database? 5. Will a lack of mobile or internet connection affect point-of-sale processing and if so, how are payments accepted other than?Point-of Sale Device The two most compatible devices with Sunnys Landscaping needs are SquareUp and Intuit GoPayment. Each device works sympathetic to one another. Research has shown the greatest differences are in payment deposit time and customer service. SquareUp appears to have a longer slower deposit time of funds, especially with new accounts. Moreover, the first few months of service do not allow new customers to withdraw entire deposit amounts. According to the SquareUp website, this payment hold is to reduce fraud. GoPayment by Intuit seems to have the greatest customer satisfaction. GoPa yments device hardware also seems to be of a better, more secure design as can be seen in the figure below.

The Cultures of Colonial North America Essay Example for Free

The Cultures of Colonial North America EssayThe Enlightment and the Great waking up were both huge impacts on the colonial regions of North America. During the Enlightment, the thinkers were arguing that the universe was governed by natural laws that bulk could understand and apply to their own advantage. The writers were emphasizing rationality, harmony, and order. Sons were being sent to college during this time and many people were reading and writing. However the Enlightment did cause a decline in religious devotion. The GreatAwakening was a result to the Enlightment because it challenged the rationalist approach to religion by having ministers advocate more emotionally than rationally, by having people find relief in religious enthusiasm, and by having similar men be trained for the ministry. Before the Great Awakening, people were listening to ministers who were preaching rationally and not emotionally. The poor young people began to grow ill-affected as they were f orced to postpone marriages because of scarcity and expense of the land needed to farm a household.They refused to attend church meetings and would instead gather together at night for frolics, increasing their discontent. In the 1730s, Reverend Jonathan Edwards began a movement to challenge the rationalist approach on religion. He made the young people his target. He believed that their hearts needed to be touched in a way that appealed to their emotions. He preached and church membership began to grow with people wondering what they could do to be saved. People then began to listen to ministers preaching emotionally, rather than to ministers preaching rationally.People began to feel relief in religious enthusiasm. The people were going through frugal and social stresses at this time, being unable to find land and unsure whether to marry, and to participate in the promise of a growing economy. This widespread colonial resurgence of religion became known as the Great Awakening. It is seen as the American version of the Protestant Reformation. Religious leaders established this with calls for piety and purity. During the Great Awakening, ministers began to be taught to preach emotionally.William Tennent established a school in Pennsylvania to train like-minded men for the ministry. His Log College evolved in the College of New Jersey. William Tennent toured with George Whitefield to deliver the famous sermon The Dangers of an unregenerate Ministry. This sermon told Protestants to examine the religious convictions of their own ministries. Conflict did break out, and in some regions the church hierarchy divided into separate organizations. The Enlightment and the Great Awakening go hand-in-hand in impacting the colonies of North America.The Enlightment was a time when there was a decline in religious devotion, but the Great Awakening was a colonial resurgence in the spread of religion. The Great Awakening was a response to the Enlightment because it challenge d the rationalist approach to religion by having ministers preach more emotionally than rationally, by having people find relief in religious enthusiasm, and by having like-minded men be trained tor the ministry. The Great Awakening helped many economically and socially emphasise people find relief in religion.

The Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991 (TCPA) Essay Example for Free

The Telephone Consumer bulwark Act of 1991 (TCPA) EssayThe Telephone Consumer justification Act of 1991 (TCPA) was established to protect consumers from the increasingly peeping methods employed by telemarketers. Information technology advances such as auto-dialers, predictive dialers, and automated faxes made it easier to reach large numbers of businesses and households in a relatively short time. These methods were not only highly annoying to consumers, but through the use of these devices, telemarketing companies were in addition passing some of the cost of marketing onto the consumer. Consumers on the receiving end of numerous calls from various companies throughout the day were spending time that could have been spent in other activities and were rightly frustrated about the passing play of their time. In the case of automated faxes, resources such as paper, ink, and even the data connection being used to receive what is essentially junk mail was a cost the consumer h ad no way to avoid.Fortunately, lawmakers responded to this unethical action of telemarketing companies with the TCPA. Specifically, the law makes it illegal to use auto-dialers and pre-recorded voice messages to make sales calls to emergency phone lines, health check offices, hospital rooms, homes for the elderly, paging services, or cellular phones. It also requires the recipient of pre-recorded telemarketing calls to give prior consent to receive the calls. It also made it illegal to station unsolicited fax messages. The law also gave states their own authority to regulate telemarketing practices. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) enforces the rules set forth in the TCPA. The FCC was also given authority to issue regulations beyond the TCPA in order to continue to protect consumers from abusive telemarketing practices.This provision shows that Congress recognizes that over time changes in information technology may make the TCPA insufficient to meet the task of consum er protection (EPIC Telemarketing and the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA)). 1991s Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991 gave the FCC the ability to create a national Do Not foreknow list. However, it took more than 10 years for lawmakers to create the Do Not Call Implementation Act. This law established fees to support the creation and maintenance of a Do Not Call Registry (Do-Not-Call Implementation Act Law jural Definition). Database technology existed in 1991 but perhaps developing and maintaining it was cost-prohibitive at the time. As information technologies improved, the cost of creating and managing a large scale database was feasible thus bracing legislation was created in 2003.ReferencesDo-Not-Call Implementation Act Law Legal Definition. (n.d.). In Legal Definitions Legal Terms Dictionary. Retrieved February 12, 2013, from http//definitions.uslegal.com/d/do-not-call-implementation-act/ EPIC Telemarketing and the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA) . (n.d.). EPIC Electronic Privacy Information Center. Retrieved February 12, 2013, from http//epic.org/privacy/telemarketing/law

Existentialism In A Country Doctor English Literature Essay

Existentialism In A Country Doctor English Literature seekIn A Country Doctor, several principles of existentialism ar demonstrated via changes that takes place in doctor, the briny constituent. Being an anti-existential character, the doctor has no control upon the situations that he is in. thus far when he is given the opportunity to choose, he selects to fulfill the expectation his community has upon him then doing what he truly feels needs to be accomplished. However, a piecemeal transition takes place as he is faced with a number of absurd situations. Anxiety dominates him as things become unmanageable. Subsequently, notion of selfish human character disgusts him which causes him to feel alienated from the entire community that he belongs to. Thus, mend and character development plays a major role in illustrating the existentialist address of cerebration upon life as revealed in the story.Absurdity of events that occur to the important character causes him to feel helpl ess and insignificant. As mentioned previously, the doctor is an anti-existential character in the beginning of the story. Even when in position where he can decide upon what to do, he habitually does what the society expects of him. For instance, he abandons Rose in the hands of the groom whose sexual draped for her is obvious in order to save a patient. This demonstrates his tendency to primarily accomplish his responsibilities as a doctor no matter in what dreadful problems he may find himself at the time. However, he grows tired of adhering to such obligation as series of strange events occur. A groom who is found in supposedly empty sty provides him with two horses in extremely good condition. And because the groom enables him to accomplish his duty as a doctor, the doctor loses his ability to oppose the groom from approaching Rose by making him accompany him on his journey. Despite his concern for Rose, the doctor has no choice still to leave her with the groom. This frust rates the main character to the extent where he cannot properly examine the patient. Further absurdities ensue as choir sings a song of his insignificance as a human cosmos and lot lay him in bed with the patient whose illness he cannot cure. And how is it that he happens to have a patient in such horrid wear right after his horse died? Endless continuation of the absurd events over which he has no control causes him to be upset. In the end, he finally makes a choice by running away- a shift toward existentialism. As shown, strange events that consist the plot reveals absurdity and the importance of having control of ones life.One of the characteristics of the main character that hints of existentialism is anxiety. The first indications of such disposition ar the short sentences that consist the beginning of the story. This denotes his frustration at the difficult situation that he is in. Also, he feels incapacitated and dejected as revealed in the sentence but it was hopeless, I knew it, and stood there forlornly. Of course, who would lend a horse to such a journey? Even when he arrives at the patients house, his negative feelings do not disappear. He behaves passively as if he does not indispensableness to be there. For example, he permits the patient to take my pelt coat from me, and he yields and drinks from the rum he has been given. Furthermore, he constantly worries ab discover Rose and notices little details such as horses putting their heads in and out through the window. Due to such distractions clouding his mind, he is unable to check his patient properly. He first decides that the patient is fine as shown in the controversy what I already knew, the boy was quite sound. As a matter of fact, the invalid is well beyond aids. And this is when he commences to question himself. Why is he doing this? What is the point of him trying so hard to have control over matters that keep on slipping through his fingers? Who is he doing this for? He realizes that he does not want to dwell in such situation and ends up running away. As indicated, the uncertainty, helplessness, and anxiety that is brought upon the main character by the absurd situation he faces garnish existentialism.Development of sense of alienation in the main character further reveals existentialism. When the main character is in desperate need for the horses, no one helps him but the groom. However, this assistance is not offered to the doctor out of goodness of the grooms heart the grooms true purpose lies in sexual approach to Rose. The main character is disgusted by the selfishness of human nature. Unfortunately, matters do not improve when he faces the patient and the community. The doctor thinks that despite the sacrifice he makes by choosing between Rose and the patient, people are feeling no gratitude for him. Due to such reason he comments that the whole district made my life a torment. He feels even more single out when his thought reaches to the notion t hat he means nothing to the people but tools for saving their lives. This is when the doctor realizes that he does not have to be what other people expect him to be. As a result, he ceases adhering to his responsibilities and escapes. In this way, alienation manifests existentialism by assisting the main character in discovering perverse human nature and trumpery of life.In conclusion, absurdity, anxiety, and alienation accentuate upon the existentialist view of meaningless, desolate life in A Country Doctor. This is well demonstrated through the process of shifting of the main character from an anti-existential character to an existential character. Series of strange uncontrollable events that constitute the plot of the story triggers the main character to feel insignificant. Subsequently, two emotions that are strongly developed in the main character throughout the story denote the pointlessness of life. Anxiety caused by the continued absurd events induce the main character to pose questions upon whether it is worthwhile living as a being that other people desire him to be. Moreover, alienation that he feels from people who do not value him as a human being acts as a key factor that changes him into an existential character. Thus, A Country Doctor has a plot and development of the main character that emphasizes upon existentialism.

The role of Women in the Middle East

The role of Women in the midpoint easterlythither argon over half a billion women in the Muslim World in kernel eastmost. They be in Much of the world insufficiency harbour of the fundamental functions of a human life. Their societal Status is low and they receive lack respect by the men. Women in the Middle East likewise argon less nourished than men, less healthy, less opportunity hardly more vulnerable to physical violence and sexual abuse. Women in Middle East atomic number 18 discriminated by men, religion or even law. They atomic number 18 much less likely than men to be literate or to bind a captain or technical education. The only function of women in Middle East is producing children. tho the situation has some improvement in nowadays. Some of the women in the Middle- East are standing up and try to fright for their rights. But actually, most of the women in the Middle-East, especially those who spanking in unprogressive countries, are still put on their shape and the role that they play in the ordering. (Mahnaz Afkhami, 1996) Women need to play a proper role in the society especially in the conservative society or countries. For example like in Saudi-Arabian Arabia. The proper role means to be a safe children, good wife and good women. In the Middle East societies, most of the flock are welcome to have a boy rather than lady friend. There are several reasons make people prefer to have a boy. First of all, most of the middle-East countries still are the agriculture base community. Therefore, have a boy is more prefer than have a girlfriend. It is because sons are valued for the muscle power they coffin nail provide in the fields. Also, in Middle- east there is absence of the adequate social trade protection system. (Ramsay.m.Darik Elsa Marston, 1996) So that sons are supposed to take care their aging parents. But girls on the other hand Often seen as an expense that will not bring family benefits, but only will work for their Husbands family. (Ramsay.m.Darik Elsa Marston, 1996) Furthermore, sons terminate carry On family name and honor but girls ratnot. Therefore, in the eyes of middle-east people Boys are more valuable than girls. This makes the status of girls is lower than boy. Due to the above reasons, the status of girl in Middle East is lower than boy. For example, Most of the name in Middle East always has positive meaning. But some of the girls Names have negative meaning, like Dalenda which means destroy. From this example, We can easy discover that the status of women in Middle East is low. (Ramsay.m.Darik Elsa Marston, 1996). Furthermore, in Middle East most of the girls expect to do more works at home than boys. They need to washables the dishes, preparing food and taking charge of younger children. It is very earthy to see a child to take care a baby. Girls when they are reaching 11 years gray-haired. Then she will be require to be a prefect Islam cleaning lady. She will teach by her mo ther to be a shy and cool it girl. To learn the traditionalistic appearance and skills of Islam. They need to dress more conservative and need to obey their father, brother pr even male relatives order and advice. They are required to be a prefect girl. Base on the Koran says the seeking of knowledge is a duty of every men and every women. Therefore, even is a girl also will have an opportunity to be educated. However, most of the conservative family in Middle East only willing to sent their girls to the conventional school. To learn the traditional behavior and norms. The conservative families mainly oppose to sent their girls to the modern school because they believe if a girl learns ab place something besides the Korans thence they might try to communicate secretly with someone come to the foresides her house. Also, the modern education is expensive. The money put on a girl would be waste when she went to live with her husbands family. Therefore, only 38 to 44% of girls in M iddle East countries would get a chance to study. (Mahnaz Afkhami, 1996) Although, the girls also can have an opportunity to be educated, but there is a two society in middle- east. For example in Saudi- Arabia require separate schools for boys and girls. (Mahnaz Afkhami, 1996) The girl in Saudi Arabia needs work harder at school but they would not have a summer vacations or there are less recreational activities for girls. Furthermore, Saudi Arabia girls need to wear uniform, which is long- sleeved blouse, ankle length skirts or even she needs to wear abba ( Full length black cloak) to school. Moreover, the teaching sllysmulls in Saudi also is quite conservative and old- Fashioned. The schools are teaching the girls how to be a good mother. Also only encourage they be a nurse or a teacher in future but no more. Isam is the majority religion in middle- east, according to the Mohammed speaking, Men have a status above women. And men have authority over women because God has made one superior to the other. Due to this tradition religion, therefore, the women status in the Middle East is low. In some extreme traditional Islamic lands such as Saudi Arabia women are expected to remain strictly obedient to men, womens behavior is not Only the key to her family honor, but also is a key to remain the mortality in the middle East society. Therefore, the western thinking is a kind of dangerous to the traditional society. As this whitethorn lets a girl to against her family or fathers order. Moreover, the image of women in right behavior is a necessary safeguard to the culture preservation. Therefore, in many Middle East countries, like Saudi Arabia has a special enforcement Unit knows as religious police. These men aggressively watch the public for such Offenses as women driving and single couples appearing together in public. Also in Saudi Abria women are not allowed to works, study or dress as she pleased. Furthermore, she cannot drive or go break alone. Or even wo men have no freedom to go to other Countries alone. Womens rights are strictly restricted. ( Martha C. Nussbaum, 2000) Protect the girls honor is the great and important tariff of the father in middle East. This led out two conservative tradition customs in the middle- east world Female Circumcision and Honor killing. Women and girls in middle- east countries are affected no matter in urban or rural, educated or non- educated. When a girl is about 5-6 years old then she needs to be circumcised. ( Waris Divie Cathleen Miller, 1999) It is because in the mind of people in middle- east it can prevent a girl from becoming wild and can ensure she will remain virgin until marriage and will then remain faithful to her husband. Or even it can make a girl a woman, purifies, more scenic. The girls in middle East believes it is another tool for the men to control the women in middle-east. However, the circumcision is quite dangerous to the women. It can result in permanent physical and emoti onal damage also can cause infections or fatal. (Ramsay.m.Darik Elsa Marston, 1996) so it rattling is a horrible tradition in the Middle East world. Moreover, if a girl has a Misbehavior then her father or brother will have a right to kill her without proficient Punishment. It is because they need to protect the name and honor of their family. Traditionally, the honor of the family depends on the behavior of its female members. So that it is very important for the family to protect female sexual purity. take to protect the women from sexual misbehavior. Base on the Koran God created sexual desire in 10 parts. Then he gave 9 parts to women and 1 part to men. So women must be closely watched. Therefore, in her familys eyes the longer a daughter waits before attaching, the greater chance that she will ravish herself with some men. So that most of the girls in Middle East is early married. But the traditional marriage watch in Middle East is lack of Romanic moves but just like a Ki nd of business. The parents choose the husband for their girl only base on one reason Is this marriage is a right match? The marriage usually is like a kind of alliance Between two families. Furthermore, the marriage will bring the economic and social Advantages to both families. The girl in Middle East usually has to splice a man she has never met. Or even parents suppose their daughter to marry with an older man. Girls act Like an asset of the family. So the family would like to sell their girls at the highest price. So a girl may be expected to marry a man who can bring the economic benefit to her Family. If the girl wants to disobey her fathers choice then the only way for her can do is prolong away or attempt suicide. This really is a tragedy in the Middle East world. Wife must need to obey her husband as the male has a dominance status in the middle- East world. According to the Koran says If a wife is rebellious, then her husband should Admonish her, punish her to her puke and strike her. Therefore, the religious keep backs the Men a right to hit their wife. So the domestic violence is quite common in the Middle East. Also, in the Middle East world polygamy is allowed. That mean man can have more than One wife. Islam allows a man to have up to 4 wives. This is very common in some Conservative countries like in Saudi Arabia. But in fact, women can gain more power When they become older. They will turn to the right of household finances, discipline children and not hesitate to speak her mind. In Middle East, it is quite easy for a man to divorce his wife anytime. But if divorce the men need to pay all married cash to his wifes family and the women can keep the gold, jewelly, clothing and need to move back into her fathers or brothers household, under(a) the eye of her male relative. In the tradition view, a wifes primary job is to bear and raise children- especially boys. They are not encouraged to go out for working. It is because working and earni ng living is the mans responsibility. In fact, if a woman need to go out for working. Then it is a sign to show that her husband cannot support her living. This really is a shameful to the male. But even, the woman can go out for working. However, there is still sex segregation in some countries. In Saudi Arabia, women can only be a teacher, nurse and mother. The government is restricting the woman to manage business, travel aboard to study, eat in restaurant. Also, women only can work in the restaurant, hospital, newspaper and magazine which for women only. Both in the west and middle east societies, veiling is the popular word for the practice by which a woman conceals her hair and body and sometimes her face. A more accurate term is bijah. The reason for the women to wear the bijah is to hide the sight of womans beauty. Furthermore, it turns their thoughts away from pious, proper behavior an adolescent youth suffers from frustrated sexual desire and a middle aged man thinks of di scarding his wife and finding a much younger and beautiful woman. All of these would led the society become instability. So it is a responsibility for women to prevent these things happen. So they need to put on the veil. Moreover, some of the women to go out to the society and can move more freely and not bothered by men. Otherwise, an unveiled woman would likely receive cold stares and insults. Therefore, a woman veiled may say that she feels greater freedom and more safety than she did before adopting the bijah. Furthermore, a veiled woman can prove that she is a good Islam woman and other people will respect her and regard her only as a coworker, fellow students and not as a sex object. other advantage of the veil is allowed woman stop thinking about her looks and to move concentrate on the important things, such as her job, study and family. Lastly, a girl who covers her face can make her parent to believe her she will behave properly and not attract improper attention. This m akes it easier for a girl to go out and spend times with her friends without bother. To conclude, in fact in some Middle East countries the women status has some Remarkable improvement. They can be more independence. There is increasing numbers of women have no men to support them. They can go out for working like in Libya woman even can be a soldier. More and more women love working and see their works as an expression of individual ability, self esteem and growth. Also, more women are choosing to remain independent, postponing or refusing marriage. They even want to work after marriage. Some of them even said they would not marry with a man who wanted them to give up their career. This is really is a sign of improvement in Middle East world. But there is still a long struggle for the women in Middle East to fight for their better life and rights.

Is Sexual Orientation Genetic Sociology Essay

Is internal Orientation Genetic Sociology EssayIn this modernised world elicit and proportionship plays an important agency as get byledgeableity is part of who we ar as humans. Sexuality defines how we see ourselves and how we physically re juvenile to other(a)s beyond having the ability to reproduce. Sexuality is made up of iii comp 1nts which include biological sex, cozy activity identity, and social gender use. In a less brief context, biological sex is the anatomical, physiological, and brokertic characteristics associated with being a priapic or young-bearing(prenominal), gender identity means the physiological sense of being a male or female and social gender role is the ethnic norms that define feminine and masculine behaviour (1).Sexual druthers is known as an enduring pattern of frantic, romantic and cozy attractions to workforce, wowork force or both sexes in any event also referring to a persons sense of identity based on those attractions, related beh aviours and memberships in a community of others who touch those attractions which whitethorn or may non be evident in a persons appearance or behaviour. People may choose non to act on such feelings as having attractions to populate of the same sex or opposite sex. For example, a bi inner who butt end be attracted to members of every sex may choose to take a leak a one(a) partner kindred with one gender, at that placefore, choosing not to act on the attraction of some other gender (1).Three parkly recognized aspect of inner druthers atomic number 18 hetero internality, bi versedity, oddity and one uncommon aspect is asexuality which is when a person has no sexual attraction or post in sexual activity. Therefore, sexual orientation differs from sexual behaviour in that it involves an individuals feelings and perception of their own sexuality. According to current scientific and professional understanding, the core attractions that form the basis for bad sexual orie ntation typically emerge between middle pip-squeakhood and early adolescence. These patterns of emotional, romantic, and sexual attraction may arise without any previous sexual develop.Heterosexuality is the attraction to individuals of the other gender which isthe cultural normality for the behaviour of males and females. For example, males and females being attracted to individuals of the opposite sex.Bisexuality is the attraction to members of either gender, as an example a male having a sexual comparisonship with another male partner as well with a female partner.On the other hand, queerity can be defined as the attraction to members of the same gender, be not completely understood by scientists.Scientists pose pondered the theory for many long time that sexual preference is a learned behaviour that is developed during early childhood. There are many theories regarding how a particular sexual orientation develops. Some scientists share the view that sexual orientation is s haped at an early age through interactions of biological, psychological and social pointors. Other psychologists, psychiatrists and intellectual health professionals agree that transgenderity may be genetically predetermined.Research over the past thirty-five years has determined that butchity is not an illness, work forcetal disorder or emotional problem. Other objective research fates that homosexualorientation is not associated with emotional or social problems. Be set about sexual orientation develops in early adolescence, without any prior sexual experience, it is believed that it is not chosen. It has been describe that some mess try diligently to change their sexual preference from homosexual to heterosexual person with no success. For this reason, psychologists do not consider sexual orientation to be a conscious choice that can be voluntarily changed.An untrue stereotype about homosexuals is the belief that snappy men have more of a tendencythan heterosexual men to sexually molest children. There is no enjoin of this. Instead, recent studies have shown that homosexual parents are quite capable of rearing developmentally secure children who are intelligent, as well as being psychologically well adjusted. There is no evidence that homosexual parents are less capable of parenting than heterosexual parents. Because therapy cannot change sexual orientation, it is important for society to become better educated about homosexuality, thus diminishing anti- joyous prejudice.Accurate information for young person the great unwashed struggling with their own sexual identity is especiallyimportant. The belief that such information when given to young people allow for affect ones sexual orientation is not valid. The people who have the most positive attitudes toward gay men and lesbians are those who say they know one or more gay persons well. For this reason, psychiatrists believe that discrimination against homosexuality is based on his or her lack o f knowledge concerning gay people. Therefore, educating all people about sexual orientationand homosexuality is likely to diminish anti-gay prejudice.Homosexuality was once believed to be a mental illness, due to the unfortunatefact that mental health professionals furnished society with incorrect information. Most studies about homosexuals only involved gay men and lesbians who were in therapy. They were seeking help for their problems, just as straight men and women do. These studies, and the misunderstanding of homosexuality, seriously damaged the acceptance of gay men and lesbians. The theories of homosexuals by psychologists, psychiatrists and other mental healthprofessionals, painted an untrue portrayal of gay men and lesbians. This unfair portrayal directly attributed to the un-acceptance of homosexuals.In 1973, the American Psychiatric Association confirmed that homosexuals were not mentally ill, and it was not until two years later in 1975, that the American Psychological Association passed a resolution supporting this confirmation. twain associations urged all mental health professionals to help dispel the discoloration of mental illness that had been associated with homosexual orientation. Since this original declassification of homosexuality as a mental disorder, this decision has been reaffirmed by additional research findings and by both associations.However, when one is reared to believe a certain way, it is not easy to change his or her opinion. Psychiatrists, psychologists and the Lord above could urge one to rethink a learned fact however, to dispute a theory learned early in career is sometimes impossible. This unfair discrimination against homosexuals is an obstacle to their leading a normal, happy and plenteous life, which is the desire of gay men and lesbians, just as it is the desire of straight men and women. Research has shown a high rate of violence, as well as discrimination, against homosexuals. Just as it is with straight men , the more positive the gay male identity, the better ones mental health will become and the higher ones self-esteem will be. To accomplish this, the acceptance of gay men and lesbians as productive citizens, without prejudice, is necessary. Protection against violence and discrimination would not be necessary if one understood that gay men and lesbians are just like you and me the only difference is their sexual preference.Most scientists today agree that sexual orientation is the result of a conspiracy of environmental, hormonal, and genetic factors. In other words, there are many factors that afford to a persons sexual orientation, and the factors may be different for different people.In other words, we intend to research in depth on each factor stated and how does it affect a persons sexual orientation then come to a conclusion if sexual orientation is genetic relating back to our topic. This is the prime objective of this project. To arrive at our objectives, we have to resea rch about the other factors affecting sexual orientation.Therefore, we have divided each factor into 3 subsequent chapters. Chapter 2 will be a detailed explanation on how genetic factors contribute to sexual orientation. Chapter 3 consequently will be discussing on environmental and emotional factors in relation to sexual orientation. Besides that, Chapter 4 is on the role played by hormones in determining a persons sexual orientation. All these 3 chapters will be discussing sexual orientation on homosexuality and bisexuality.The last chapter will relate back to our main topic which is Is Sexual Orientation Genetic? A conclusion will be brought about based on the research, studies and evidences done on the previous 3 chapters.Chapter 2 Genetic FactorsChromosomes in humans can be divided into two types which is autosomes and sex chromosomes. The sex chromosomes stamp down certain genetic traits connexion to a persons sex. It can be XX with phenotype female and XY with phenotype male. On the other hand, the autosomes contain the rest of the genetic hereditary information. Both autosomes and sex chromosomes act in the same way during cell division. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes of which 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosome giving a total of 46 per cell for one human. A persons sex is determined by the sex chromosome (wiki chromosome).Based on a research conducted by scientists on November 8th 2007, new evidences have been uncovered showing genetics has a role to play in determining whether an individual is homosexual or heterosexual. Dr. Sandra Witelson, a neuroscientist in the Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine at McMaster University, and colleges at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre in Toronto conducted the research on studies of the brains of healthy, right handed, 18 to 35- year old homosexual and heterosexual men using magnetic resonance imagining (MRI). About 10 years ago, which is now accepted as fact, studies have demonstrated t hat there is a higher proportion of left-handers in the homosexual population than the general population. Consequently, in other research it was rig that left-handers have a larger region of the bunghole tame principal callosum which is the thick band of nerve fibres connecting the two hemispheres of the brain compared to the right- handers. Furthermore, the posterior part of the corpus callosum is larger in homosexual than heterosexual men. The size of corpus callosum is largely inherited suggesting a genetic factor in sexual orientation. A correlational analysis by researchers which included size of the corpus callosum, and screen out scores on language, visual spatial and finger dexterity tests. Prediction on sexual orientation in 95 per cent of the cases was done by using all these variables.A insure by the National Cancer Institute researchers states that the appearance that many homosexual men inherit a gene from their starts that influences sexual orientation. It was suggested that inherited genetic factors at least play a role in determining sexual orientation. The contents lead author Dean Hamer, oldtimer of the cancer institutes section on Gene Structure and regulation concluded that it is basically not a choice or a decision to be a gay. However, people have no control over the genes inherited and there is no way to change it. The family histories of 114 gay men were studied and it was found that more homosexual brothers, uncles and male cousins than would be expected in the general population whereby some families had three generations of homosexual relatives. It was suggested that something inherited was going on since the uncles and cousins were not raised in the same household but do share genetic information.Following up another studies was made on the DNA from 40 pairs of homosexual brothers and it was found that 33 of them shared same genetic markers on the X chromosome in a region known as Xq28. The X chromosomes are always inherit ed from mothers. Genes consist of tiny coils of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, which carries the instructions to manufacture a particular body substance. No such similar sharing was present in the same region among heterosexual men. It is expected that this region will be important for both heterosexual and homosexual development providing very small and subtile difference between the genes of each group. However, the finding does not explain all homosexuality. Seven out of 40 pairs of homosexual brothers studied did not have the common genetic factor.Part of the studies state that the cancer Kaposis sarcoma unusually afflicts large numbers of homosexuals. Further study is being conducted to determine whether a similar genetic link continues in families of homosexual women hoping to identify the specific gene involved in sexual orientation.Gregory King, spokesman for the Human Rights Campaign Fund, a gay and lesbian activist group, tell he hoped from the studies it would help Americ ans understand that most lesbian and gay people do not choose their sexual orientation. Despite, concerns are there among people who are lesbians and gay that this discovery will be misused to suggest that homosexuality is something that needs to be corrected.According to the variation in sexual orientation, heritability studies have differed on the precise contribution of genetics, though a few linkage studies have indicated a possible role for certain genes on the X chromosome. However, the strength of that evidence is limited due to the conflicting nature of the reports and small judge sizes. Some of the questions in relation to the possible genetic underpinnings of sexual orientation have been keen by a more recent study conducted by the first ever genome-wide association study (GWAS) on sexual orientation. It is also in relation to the release of a web-based survey to the large 23andMe database of over 180,000 individuals.Furthermore, the other non-genetic phenotypes associat ed with sexual orientation are also explored. The objective is to understand the relationship between sexual orientation and non-genetic phenotypes as the data collected was extracted from dozens of 23andMe surveys taking into consideration thousands of conditions and trait. Research has shown that lesbians are more likely than heterosexual women to have alcoholism and alcohol-related problems (3). A number of studies have also found that women with same sex partners are more likely to have psychiatric disorders, including major depression (4) and men with same sex partners are more likely to have anxiety and mood disorders (5).Phenotype analyses were conducted using linear or logistic regression. In statistics, linear regression is the relationship between a scalar capable variable Y and one or more explanatory variables denoted X as the data modelled using linear predictor functions, and unknown model parameters are estimated from the data. Logistic regression is a type of anal ysis used to predict the outcome of a categorical dependent variable based on one or more predictor variables that is used in estimating empirical values of the parameters in a qualitative result model(wiki). The reported betas are the change on the sexual identity scale per unit of the other phenotype. Both the phenotype analyses and GWAS analyses controlled for age, the first five principal components, and attitudes towards homosexuality as collected in the Sexual Orientation Survey. GWAS analyses were conducted in individuals of European descent.The questions asked for this study to over 23,000 individuals 23andMe database is as followsThe survey counts based on the questions asked were as belowThey have examined the correlation between sexual identity and 1000 phenotypes already characterized in the 23andMe database through other surveys. These analyses were preliminary as outliers or confounders beyond what is listed in the methods were not checked. Previous ndings were replic ated showing a positive association between lesbians and alcoholism, and between lesbians and gay men and several psychiatric conditions.Chapter 3 Environmental and Emotional FactorsOn the development of human sexual orientation, another possible factor is the environmental and emotional influences. Many influences or factors lead to sexual orientation but no findings have emerged that permit scientists to conclude that sexual orientation is determined by any particular factor or factors. Therefore, a great deal of people thinks nature and nurture both play involved roles (wiki environment sexual orientation).Environmental factors are associated with family influences. Evidence have been provided by researches that gay men report having had less loving and more rejecting fathers, and closer relationships with their mothers, than non-gay men. Some researchers think this may indicate that childhood family experiences are important determinants to homosexuality, or that parents behav e this way in response to gender-variant traits in a child. Both possibilities might be true in different cases (wiki).Childhood factors do affect marital choices as children who experience parental break are less likely to marry heterosexually than those growing up in intact families. In a broad point of view, heterosexual marriage was significantly linked to having young parents, small age differences between parents, stable parental relationships, large sibships (a group of offspring having the same two parents) , and late birth order. For men, homosexual marriage was associated with having older mothers, divorced parents, absent fathers, and being the youngest child. On the other hand, for women, maternal death during adolescence and being the only or youngest child or the only girl in the family increased the likelihood of homosexual marriage. Childhood family experiences are important determinants of heterosexual and homosexual marriage decisions in maturity (http//link.spri nger.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10508-006-9062-2).Consequently, parental sexual orientation may affect child development. Studies were focused on an early research on children with lesbian and gay parents in which the children had been born(p) in the context of a heterosexual marriage. The developments among children of divorced lesbian mothers were compared with children of divorced heterosexual mothers and few significant differences were found. Children in the research who had been born into homes with unify mothers and fathers have no obvious reasons to understand on their healthy development as the children faced early exposure to apparently heterosexual male and female role models which mainly contributes to the healthy development.In comparison, a study conducted by Charlotte J. Patterson from University of Virginia on lesbian or gay parents who rear infants and children from offspring and it is important that the children had neer lived with heterosexual parents. The study wa s on a group of 4 to 9 year old children who had been born to or adopted early in life by lesbian mothers. Results from in-home interviews and also from questionnaires showed that children had regular contact with a wide range of adults of both genders, both within and outside of their families. The childrens self-concepts and preferences for same-gender playmates and activities were much like those of other children their ages. Moreover, standardized measures of social competence and of behaviour problems, such as those from the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL), showed that they scored within the range of normal variation for a representative sample of same-aged American children. Therefore, it was clear from this study and others like it that it was quite possible for lesbian mothers to rear healthy children.Consistent with earlier findings, results from the study revealed few differences in enrolment between adolescents living with same-sex parents and those living with opposite -sex parents . There were no significant differences between teenagers living with same-sex parents and those living with other-sex parents on self-reported assessments of psychological well-being, such as self-esteem and anxiety, measures of educate outcomes, such as grade point averages and trouble in school, or measures of family relationships, such as parental warmth and care from adults and peers. Adolescents in the two groups were evenly likely to say that they had been involved in a romantic relationship in the last 18 months, and they were equally likely to report having engaged in sexual intercourse. The only statistically reliable difference between the two groups is that those with same-sex parents felt a great sense of connection to people at school compared to the youngsters living with same-sex couples. There were no significant differences in self-reported substance use, delinquency, or peer victimization between those reared by same or other-sex couples.Although t he gender of parents partners was not an important predictor of adolescent well-being, other aspects of family relationships were significantly associated with teenagers fitting. Consistent with other findings about adolescent development, the qualities of family relationships rather than the gender of parents partners were consistently related to adolescent outcomes. Parents who reported having close relationships with their offspring had adolescents who reported more favourable adjustment.The fact that children of lesbian mothers generally develop in healthy ways should not be interpreted to suggest that no challenges were encountered. Many investigators have remarked upon the fact that children of lesbian and gay parents may encounter anti-gay sentiments in their daily lives. For example, in a study of 10- year-old children born to lesbian mothers, Gartrell, Deck, Rodas, Peyser, and Banks (2005) reported that a substantial minority had encountered anti-gay sentiments among their peers. Those who had such encounters were likely to report having felt angry, upset, or sad about these experiences. Children of lesbian and gay parents may be exposed to prejudice against their parents in some settings, and this may be painful for them, but evidence for the idea that such encounters affect childrens overall adjustment is lacking.Another study, published in the October 2006 issue of Archives of Sexual Behaviour, authored by Danish epidemiologist Morten Frisch and statistician Anders Hviid, reports the analysis of data from over two million men and women. It is the first study to examine an entire group of homosexuals for environmental factors in their decisions to marry homosexually. The research suggests a link between environmental factors such as geographic birthplace and family relationships and the opportunity of marrying a same-sex or opposite-sex partner. The massive study also finds that the number of brothers and sisters increases the probability of marry ing heterosexually. This finding questions a recent, widely touted Canadian study of birth order that found the number of older brothers increased the probably of homosexuality in men.The researchers found for each additional year ones parents stay married, the probability of heterosexual marriage in the children increased by 1.6% among sons and 1.0% among daughters. In contrast, the rate of homosexual unions decreased by 1.8% among sons and 1.4% among daughters for every year of intact parental marriage. Summing these do over years of childhood and adolescence contributes to a noteworthy impact.Regarding homosexual marriages, researchers have also found that birth place relates to the sexual orientation of marriage partner. being born in urban settings increased the probability of homosexual marriage and decreased the probability of heterosexual marriage. This study was said to be the first to show that birth place or some correlate thereof influences marital choices in adulthood .The researchers also confirmed previous research suggesting that children who experience parental divorce are less likely to marry heterosexually than children reared in intact families. For men, unknown paternal identity, parental divorce, short duration of cohabitation with both parents, and long duration of father-absent cohabitation with mother were all associated with increased rates of homosexual marriage. For women, homosexual marriage rates were elevated among women whose parents were married briefly, and those who experienced long periods of mother absence due either to abandonment or death during the teen years.Taken together, the studys findings suggest that intact parents bearing multiple children and living in rural areas increase the probability of heterosexual pairings in their children. The study was not designed to examine all possible contributions to sexual orientation nor does it account for individual situations. We know, for instance, that gays and straights c ome from all kinds of families and locations. However, the study raises the supposition that family and social factors function to help shape adult sexual orientation.Chapter 4 Hormonal FactorsHormones are your bodys chemical messengers. It is released by one or more cells which croak through the bloodstream that affects cells in other parts of the organism. Only a small amount of hormone is required to alter cell metabolism. In relation to sexuality following up the hormonal theory, exposure to certain hormones plays an act in fetal sex differentiation. Besides that, this exposure also influences the sexual orientation that emerges later in the adult.Hormones which interact with the developing brain cells coming from the differences in brain structure are accredit to be the basis of sex differences in countless behaviour, including sexual orientation. The interaction of these hormones on the developing brain is affected by prenatal factors that can influence later the sex-typed b ehaviour in children.Factors hypothesized in contributing to sex-typed behaviour concerns the same as those hypothesized to contribute to sexual orientation. Higher rates of sex-atypical behaviour in childhood and adulthood are seen in homosexual men and women compared to the same sex heterosexuals. Early hormones have been suggested to influence both sexual orientation and related childhood sex-typed behaviours. Recent studies, however, have provided evidence in support of prenatal androgen exposure influencing childhood sex-typed behaviour.An example of the study is Early Hormonal Influences on Childhood Sex-Typed Activity and Playmate Preferences Implications for the Development of Sexual Orientation. The hormonal influences on activity and playmate preferences in children with indispensable adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) are examined. The children were in the range of ages between 2.5 to 12 years. It is observed that CAH girls preferred boys toys and activities and had greater prefe rence for boy playmates than controls. On the other hand, CAH boys did not differ significantly from controls and activity and playmate preferences were not related. From this it was concluded that early androgen has a major effect on childhood activity preferences but only a weak influence on playmate preferences. Besides that, sex segregation does not arise from sex-typed activity preferences, activity and playmate preferences may be differently predictive of sexual orientation and hormonal influences on sexual orientation are likely to be complex.Consequently, prospective and retrospective studies of childhood gender role behaviour reveal homosexual males to be more likely than heterosexual males in the sense of participating in girls games, to experiment with cosmetics and jewellery and to be less likely than heterosexual males to participate in sports. In the same way, lesbians analytical report shows that they were more likely than heterosexual females in the manner of partici pating in sports, to be called a tomboy and to be less likely than heterosexual females as in experimenting with or using cosmetics and jewellery or even to wear dresses. From reports by Bailey Zucker, it was also known that homosexual men and women played with opposite sex playmates in childhood more that did heterosexual men and women.However, the differences between homosexual and heterosexual individuals may not be confined to childhood activities. For example, in another report by McCormick Witelson, it is stated that heterosexual men have higher spatial ability and lower verbal ability compared to both homosexual men and heterosexual women. Besides that, a higher rate of left-handedness has been noticed in both homosexual men and women than heterosexual comparisons.Nonetheless, it is important to note that there are a few other sex-typed behaviours not related to sexual orientation. This is identified as most homosexual men and women have typical gender identity and are simi lar to same sex heterosexual individuals on aspects of mating psychology related to sexual selection that show sex differences, for example, interest in uncommitted sex. These comparisons are useful because sexual orientation differences that parallel sex differences suggest that some of the factors that cause sex differences also cause differences between homosexual and heterosexual individuals of the same sex. This is because some homosexual individuals are as sex-typical as most heterosexuals, there may be more than one cause of sexual orientation. On the other hand, when sexual orientation differences do not parallel sex differences, different etiologies are likely.Gonadal hormones have been hypothesized to play a main role in the development of sex-typed behaviour and sexual orientation. Thus, high levels of androgen during sensitive periods of development have been suggested to produce masculine-typical behaviour, including childhood activities, cognitive abilities, and sexual orientation directed to women, that is, male heterosexuality and female homosexuality, whereas very low levels of androgen during those periods are hypothesized to result in female typical childhood activities, cognitive abilities, and sexual orientation directed to men, that is, male homosexuality and female heterosexuality.Human sex-typed behaviour is also affected by early exposure to hormones. Thus, female participants with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), who have high levels of androgen during the prenatal and early postnatal periods, have greater preference for traditionally masculine toys and activities, higher spatial ability, and greater rates of homosexual or bisexual fantasies than controls. Similarly, female participants exposed to high levels of masculinizing or defeminizing hormones as a result of maternal ingestion during pregnancy have been reported to be more aggressive and to have higher rates of homosexual or bisexual fantasies than controls. These increase s in male typical behaviour which occur in the presence of female gender identity in both CAH girls and women and those with exogenous hormone exposure.Unusual hormone exposure in boys and men has complex relationships to behaviour. In relation, low androgen seems to result in reduced male typical behaviour. Male adolescents and adults with deficient androgen beginning early in life have shown reduced spatial ability compared with controls. High levels of masculinizing hormones have been associated with increased, decreased, and unchanged masculine typical behaviour. Male participants exposed to androgenizing progestin have been reported to be more aggressive than their brothers, but male participants with CAH and thus high levels of androgen generally show male typical behaviour. There are few positive studies of sexual behaviour in men with unusual early hormone exposure, but homosexuality may be more common in men who are assumed to have low prenatal testosterone, for example, X XY men.There is evidence especially in female individuals that early hormone exposure affects both sexual orientation and some of the behaviors that are related to it, providing indirect support for the hypothesis that sexual orientation typically is influenced b

Successful Organizational Diversity Management :: Workplace Employment Business Essays

Successful Organizational Diversity Management Why is compositional diversity all important(p)? Historically, diversity in the workplace has been recognized as an employment equity issue. Now, however, diversity in the workplace is being recognized as a turn a profit that will contribute to an organizations bottom line. Increased employee and customer satisfaction end up as increased productivity, all of which be measurable outcomes (Goff, 1998). Diversity goes beyond employment equity to nurturing an environment that values the differences and maximizes the potential of all employees, one that stimulates employee creativity and innovativeness (U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board (U.S. MSPB), 1993). To create an organizational culture that detains men diversity involves several important elements. These elements include a needs analysis, administrative and management support and commitment, education and training, culture and management systems changes and continuous follow-up and evaluation. unavoidably Analysis In many of my resources, a needs analysis was the second crucial element after senior management support and commitment. I get a needs analysis should be prepared first to provide information to senior management in sequestering their support as well as to adequately determine workforce and organizational needs for creating a divers(prenominal) workplace. First, find out what employees are concerned about. Most often used for this are focus groups and succeeds. The needs and expectations of a diverse workforce can vary by organizational and functional levels, location, ethnicity, and gender (Baytos and Delatte, 1993). Second, determine the needs of the organization. By communicate certain questions, an organization can determine its needs based on its culture and resources (U.S. MSPB, 1993). Does the organization have trouble retaining employees who would add to its diversity? In an organization with diversity, which, if any, areas of the workforce are being treated inappropriately? Has the organization impressed upon its leaders and managers the benefits that come from managing diversity appropriately? By using a survey that focuses on these questions you can ascertain where administration and management feel the organization presently is regarding diversity. Administrative and Management Commitment and Support Administrative and management support is critical for diversity change efforts. An important role for senior management is to provide leadership through development of a vision and goals for a diverse workplace (Lapid-Bogda, 1992). To gain support from administration you need to directly link diversity to the business.